Deutscher Gesundheitsbericht Diabetes 2019

1. International Diabetes Federation, IDF Diabetes Atlas, Eighth edition. 2017.
2. Tamayo, T., et al., Diabetes in Europe: an update. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2014. 103(2): p. 206-17.
3. International Diabetes Federation, IDF Diabetes Atlas, Seventh Edition. 2015.
4. Heidemann, C. and S.-N. C, Prävalenz, Inzidenz und Mortalität von Diabetes mellitus bei Erwachsenen in Deutschland – Bestandsaufnahme zur Diabetes-Surveillance, B. Robert Koch-Institut, Editor. 2017: Journal of Health Monitoring.
5. Jacobs, E. and W. Rathmann, Epidemiologie des Diabetes. Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel, 2017. 12(06): p. 437-446.
6. Goffrier B, Schulz M, and Bätzing-Feigenbaum J, Administrative Prävalenzen und Inzidenzen des Diabetes mellitus von 2009 bis 2015., in Versorgungsatlas-Bericht Nr. 17/03. 2017, Zentralinstitut für die kassenärztliche Versorgung in Deutschland (Zi): Berlin. DOI: 10.20364/VA-17.03.
7. Wilke, T., et al., [Incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Germany: an analysis based on 5.43 million patients]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 2013. 138(3): p. 69-75.
8. Tamayo, T., et al., The Prevalence and Incidence of Diabetes in Germany: An Analysis of Statutory Health Insurance Data on 65 Million Individuals From the Years 2009 and 2010. Dtsch Arztebl International, 2016. 113(11): p. 177-82.
9. Boehme, M.W., et al., Prevalence, incidence and concomitant co-morbidities of type 2 diabetes mellitus in South Western Germany--a retrospective cohort and case control study in claims data of a large statutory health insurance. BMC Public Health, 2015. 15: p. 855.
10. Schipf, S., et al., Regional differences in the prevalence of known Type 2 diabetes mellitus in 45-74 years old individuals: results from six population-based studies in Germany (DIAB-CORE Consortium). Diabet Med, 2012. 29(7): p. e88-95.
11. Du, Y., et al., Changes in diabetes care indicators: findings from German National Health Interview and Examination Surveys 1997-1999 and 2008-2011. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care, 2015. 3(1): p. e000135.
12. Heidemann C, et al., 12-Monats-Prävalenz des bekannten Diabetes mellitus in Deutschland. Journal of Health Monitoring 2017. 2(1): p. 48–56
13. Tönnies T, R.S., Hoyer A, Heidemann C, Scheidt-Nave C, Brinks R. Prognostische Hochrechnungen der Fallzahlen von Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 in Deutschland für 2015 bis 2040. 2017; Available from: https://gefo.abstract-management.de/program/index.php?conViewSession=6169&action=papers&showDay=320, zuletzt besucht am 17.07.2018.
14. Rathmann, W., et al., High prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in Southern Germany: target populations for efficient screening. The KORA survey 2000. Diabetologia, 2003. 46(2): p. 182-9.
15. Meisinger, C., et al., Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in 35-59-year-old individuals in Southern Germany: the KORA F4 Study. Diabet Med, 2010. 27(3): p. 360-2.
16. Tamayo, T., et al., Regional differences of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes and prediabetes prevalence are not explained by known risk factors. PLoS One, 2014. 9(11): p. e113154.
17. Heidemann C, et al., 12-Monats-Prävalenz des bekannten Diabetes mellitus in Deutschland, in Journal of Health Monitoring,. 2017, Robert Koch-Institut: Berlin.
18. Schipf, S., et al., Regional differences in the incidence of self-reported type 2 diabetes in Germany: results from five population-based studies in Germany (DIAB-CORE Consortium). J Epidemiol Community Health, 2014. 68(11): p. 1088-95.
19. Robert Koch-Institut, Ergebnisse der Studie »Gesundheit in Deutschland aktuell 2010«, in Beiträge zur Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes. 2012: Berlin.
20. Stockl, D., et al., Regional Variability of Lifestyle Factors and Hypertension with Prediabetes and Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Population-Based KORA-F4 and SHIP-TREND Studies in Germany. PLoS One, 2016. 11(6): p. e0156736.
21. Kauhl, B., et al., Do the risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus vary by location? A spatial analysis of health insurance claims in Northeastern Germany using kernel density estimation and geographically weighted regression. Int J Health Geogr, 2016. 15(1): p. 38.
22. Kauhl, B., et al., [Spatial Distribution of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Berlin: Application of a Geographically Weighted Regression Analysis to Identify Location-Specific Risk Groups]. Gesundheitswesen, 2018.
23. Maier, W., et al., The impact of regional deprivation and individual socio-economic status on the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in Germany. A pooled analysis of five population-based studies. Diabet Med, 2013. 30(3): p. e78-86.
24. Paquet, C., et al., Food environment, walkability, and public open spaces are associated with incident development of cardio-metabolic risk factors in a biomedical cohort. Health Place, 2014. 28: p. 173-6.
25. den Braver, N.R., et al., Built environmental characteristics and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Medicine, 2018. 16(1): p. 12.
26. Greiser, E. and G. Glaeske, Soziale und ökonomische Folgen nächtlichen Fluglärms im Umfeld des Flughafens Frankfurt/Main. Gesundheitswesen, 2013. 75(03): p. 127-133.
27. Kramer, U., et al., Traffic-related air pollution and incident type 2 diabetes: results from the SALIA cohort study. Environ Health Perspect, 2010. 118(9): p. 1273-9.
28. Dendup, T., et al., Environmental Risk Factors for Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2018. 15(1).
29. Eze, I.C., et al., Association between ambient air pollution and diabetes mellitus in Europe and North America: systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect, 2015. 123(5): p. 381-9.
30. Heidemann, C., et al., Residential traffic and incidence of Type 2 diabetes: the German Health Interview and Examination Surveys. Diabetic Medicine, 2014. 31(10): p. 1269-1276.
31. Lucht, S.A., et al., Air Pollution and Glucose Metabolism: An Analysis in Non-Diabetic Participants of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. Environ Health Perspect, 2018. 126(4): p. 047001.
32. Herder, C., et al., Prevalence of impaired glucose regulation in German school-leaving students. Int J Obes (Lond), 2007. 31(7): p. 1086-8.
33. Hagman, E., et al., Impaired fasting glucose prevalence in two nationwide cohorts of obese children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond), 2014. 38(1): p. 40-5.
34. Rosenbauer, J., et al. Typ-1-Diabetes bei Erwachsenen (Alter≥ 18Jahre), Typ-2-Diabetes bei Jugendlichen (Alter 11 -18 Jahre), Beobachtungsjahr 2016. 2017; Available from: https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Gesundheitsmonitoring/Studien/Diabetes_Surveillance/Kooperationsprojekte/Diab_Poster_Typ-1-Diabetes_Typ2_jugendliche.pdf?__blob=publicationFile, zuletzt besucht 10.07.2018.
35. Rosenbauer, J. and A. Stahl, Incidence of diabetes mellitus in childhood and adolescence in Germany. Der Diabetologe, 2010. 6(3): p. 177-189.
36. Huppmann M, L.J., Bericht der strukturierten Behandlungsprogramme der gesetzlichen Krankenkassen – Indikation Diabetes mellitus Typ 1. 2016, infas Institut für angewandte Sozialwissenschaft GmbH: Bonn, Deutschland.
37. Bendas, A., et al., Trends in Incidence Rates during 1999-2008 and Prevalence in 2008 of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Germany--Model-Based National Estimates. PLoS One, 2015. 10(7): p. e0132716.
38. Marg, W., et al., Inzidenz von Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 bei Kindern und Jugendlichen im Land Bremen von 1999 bis 2014. Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel, (EFirst).
39. Mortality, G.B.D. and C. Causes of Death, Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet, 2016. 388(10053): p. 1459-1544.
40. Jacobs, E., et al., Exzess-Todesfälle aufgrund des Typ-2-Diabetes in Deutschland. Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel, 2017. 12(S 01): p. P143*.
41. Lind, M., et al., Mortality trends in patients with and without diabetes in Ontario, Canada and the UK from 1996 to 2009: a population-based study. Diabetologia, 2013. 56(12): p. 2601-8.
42. Carstensen, B., et al., The Danish National Diabetes Register: trends in incidence, prevalence and mortality. Diabetologia, 2008. 51(12): p. 2187-2196.
43. Emerging Risk Factors, C., et al., Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of cause-specific death. N Engl J Med, 2011. 364(9): p. 829-41.
44. Wright, A.K., et al., Life Expectancy and Cause-Specific Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study Quantifying Relationships in Ethnic Subgroups. Diabetes Care, 2017. 40(3): p. 338-345.
45. Röckl, S., et al., All-cause mortality in adults with and without type 2 diabetes: findings from the national health monitoring in Germany. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care, 2017. 5(1): p. e000451.
46. Paprott, R., et al., Association between hemoglobin A1c and all-cause mortality: results of the mortality follow-up of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998. Diabetes Care, 2015. 38(2): p. 249-56.
47. Kowall, B., et al., Categories of glucose tolerance and continuous glycemic measures and mortality. Eur J Epidemiol, 2011. 26(8): p. 637-45.
48. Gong, Q., et al., Changes in Mortality in People With IGT Before and After the Onset of Diabetes During the 23-Year Follow-up of the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetes Care, 2016.
49. Tonnies, T., A. Hoyer, and R. Brinks, Excess mortality for people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in 2012 - Estimates based on claims data from 70 million Germans. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 2018.
50. Tancredi, M., et al., Excess Mortality among Persons with Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 2015. 373(18): p. 1720-1732.
51. Lung, T.W., et al., A meta-analysis of the relative risk of mortality for type 1 diabetes patients compared to the general population: exploring temporal changes in relative mortality. PLoS One, 2014. 9(11): p. e113635.
52. Huxley, R.R., et al., Risk of all-cause mortality and vascular events in women versus men with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2015. 3(3): p. 198-206.
53. Gagnum, V., et al., Causes of death in childhood-onset Type 1 diabetes: long-term follow-up. Diabet Med, 2016.
54. Sandahl, K., et al., Increased mortality in a Danish cohort of young people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus followed for 24 years. Diabet Med, 2016.
55. Grauslund, J., Long-term mortality and retinopathy in type 1 diabetes. Acta Ophthalmol, 2010. 88 Thesis1: p. 1-14.
56. Jorgensen, M.E., T.P. Almdal, and B. Carstensen, Time trends in mortality rates in type 1 diabetes from 2002 to 2011. Diabetologia, 2013. 56(11): p. 2401-4.

1. Bächle CC, Holl RW, Straßburger K, Molz E, Chernyak N, Beyer P, Schimmel U, Rütschle H, Seidel J, Lepler R, Holder M, Rosenbauer J, Icks A. Costs of paediatric diabetes care in Germany: current situation and comparison with the year 2000. Diabet Med. 2012; 29:1327-1334
2. Claessen, H., Strassburger, K., Tepel, M., Waldeyer, R., Chernyak, N., Jülich, F., Albers B, Bächle C, Rathmann W, Meisinger C, Thorand B, Hunger M, Schunk M, Stark R, Rückert IM, Peters A, Huth C, Stöckl D, Giani G, Holle R Icks, A. (2013). Medication costs by glucose tolerance stage in younger and older women and men: results from the population-based KORA survey in Germany. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes: Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association, 121(10), 614–623
3. Chernyak, N., Jülich, F., Kasperidus, J., Stephan, A., Begun, A., Kaltheuner, M., & Icks, A. (2017). Time cost of diabetes: Development of a questionnaire to assess time spent on diabetes self-care. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications, 31(1), 260–266.
4. von Ferber L, Köster I, Hauner H. Medical costs of diabetic complications total costs and excess costs by age and type of treatment results of the German CoDiM Study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2007; 115:97-104
5. Hoffmann F, Claessen H, Morbach S, Waldeyer R, Glaeske G, Icks A. Impact of diabetes on costs before and after major lower extremity amputations in Germany. J Diab Comp. 2013; 27: 467-472
6. Icks A, Claessen H, Strassburger K, Waldeyer R, Chernyak N, Jülich F, Rathmann W, Thorand B, Meisinger C, Huth C, Rückert I-M, Schunk M, Giani G, Holle R. Patient time costs attributable to healthcare use in diabetes: results from the population-based KORA survey in Germany. Diabet Med. 2013; 30: 1245-1249.
7. International Diabetes Federation: Diabetes Atlas. 8th Edition. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation 2017
8. Jacobs, E., Hoyer, A., Brinks, R., Icks, A., Kuß, O., & Rathmann, W. (2017). Healthcare costs of Type 2 diabetes in Germany. Diabetic Medicine: A Journal of the British Diabetic Association, 34(6), 855–861.
9. Kähm K, Laxy M, Schneider U, Rogowski WH, Lhachimi SK, Holle R. Health Care Costs Associated With Incident Complications in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in Germany. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:971-978.
10. Köster I, Schubert I, Huppertz E. Fortschreibung der KoDiM-Studie: Kosten des Diabetes mellitus 2000–2009. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2012; 137: 1013-1016
11. Köster I, Hauner H, von Ferber L. Heterogenität der Kosten bei Patienten mit Diabetes Mellitus: Die KoDiM-Studie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2006a; 131: 804-810
12. Köster I, von Ferber L, Ihle P, Schubert I, Hauner H. The cost burden of diabetes mellitus: the evidence from Germany – the CoDiM Study. Diabetologia. 2006b; 49: 1498-1504
13. da Rocha Fernandes J, Ogurtsova K, Linnenkamp U, Guariguata L, Seuring T, Zhang P, Cavan D, Makaroff LE. IDF Diabetes Atlas estimates of 2014 global health expenditures on diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2016;117:48–54.
14. Russell LB, Suh D-C, Safford MM. Time requirements for diabetes self-management: too much for many? J Fam Pract. 2005; 54: 52–56
15. Stock SAK, Redaelli M, Wendland G, Civello D, Lauterbach KW. Diabetes-prevalence and cost of illness in Germany: a study evaluating data from the statutory health insurance in Germany. Diabet Med. 2006; 23:299-305
16. Ulrich, S., Holle, R., Wacker, M., Stark, R., Icks, A., Thorand, B., Peters, A., Laxy, M. (2016). Cost burden of type 2 diabetes in Germany: results from the population-based KORA studies. BMJ Open, 6(11), e012527.

1. Tuomilehto, J., P. Schwarz, and J. Lindstrom, Long-Term Benefits From Lifestyle Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Time to expand the efforts. Diabetes Care, 2011. 34: p. S210-S214.
2. Hurrelmann, K., Gesundheitssoziologie. Eine Einführung in sozialwissenschaftliche Theorien von Krankheitsprävention und Gesundheitsförderung. 5 ed. 2003, Weinheim, München: Juventa.
3. Bauer, U., Das Präventionsdilemma. Potenziale schulischer Kompetenzförderung im Spiegel sozialer Polarisierung. 2005, Wiesbaden: VS.
4. Frohlich, K.L. and L. Potvin, Transcending the Known in Public Health Practice: The Inequality Paradox: The Population Approach and Vulnerable Populations. American Journal of Public Health, 2008. 98(2): p. 216-221.
5. Manz, K., et al., Körperlich-sportliche Aktivität und Nutzung elektronischer Medien im Kindes- und Jugendalter. 2014, Robert Koch-Institut, Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsberichterstattung.
6. Starker, A., et al., Motorische Leistungsfähigkeit. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz, 2007. 50(5): p. 775-783.
7. Dordel, S., Ätiologie und Symptomatik motorischer Defizite und Auffälligkeiten in Gesundheit von Kindern - Epidemiologische Grundlagen, B. (Hrsg.), Editor. 1998, BzgA: Köln.
8. Vorwerg, Y., et al., Physical Activity in 3–6 Year Old Children Measured by SenseWear Pro®: Direct Accelerometry in the Course of the Week and Relation to Weight Status, Media Consumption, and Socioeconomic Factors. PLoS ONE, 2013. 8(4): p. e60619.
9. Mühlig, Y., et al., Weight Loss in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Evaluation of Conservative, Non-Pharmacological Obesity Treatment Programs. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 2014. 111(48): p. 818-824.
10. Quilling, E., K. Dadaczynski, and M. Müller, Settingbezogene Prävention von Übergewicht im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz, 2016. 59(11): p. 1394-1404.
11. Greaves, C.J., et al., Systematic review of reviews of intervention components associated with increased effectiveness in dietary and physical activity interventions. BMC Public Health, 2011. 11: p. 1-12.
12. Hafez, D., et al., Workplace Interventions to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Narrative Review. Curr Diab Rep 2017. 17(2): p. 9.
13. Malambo, P., et al., Built Environment, Selected Risk Factors and Major Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes: A Systematic Review. PLoS One, 2016. 11(11): p. e0166846.
14. Pomeranz, J.L., et al., Legal and Administrative Feasibility of a Federal Junk Food and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax to Improve Diet. Am J Public Health 2018. 108(2): p. 203-209.
15. Deylami, R., et al., Systematic review of publicity interventions to increase awareness amongst healthcare professionals and the public to promote earlier diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children and young people. Pediatr Diabetes, 2017.
16. Huang, F., S. Blaschke, and H. Lucas, Beyond pilotitis: taking digital health interventions to the national level in China and Uganda. Globalization and Health, 2017. 13(1): p. 49.
17. Kuipers, P., et al., Collaborative review of pilot projects to inform policy: A methodological remedy for pilotitis? Australia and New Zealand Health Policy, 2008. 5: p. 17-17.
18. Otto, L., et al. Towards a Unified Understanding of eHealth and Related Terms – Proposal of a Consolidated Terminological Basis. in Health Informatics Europe. 2018. Madeira: HEALTHINF.
19. Kruse, C.S., et al., The effectiveness of telemedicine in the management of chronic heart disease – a systematic review. JRSM Open, 2017. 8(3): p. 2054270416681747.
20. Slater, H., et al., End User and Implementer Experiences of mHealth Technologies for Noncommunicable Chronic Disease Management in Young Adults: Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 2017. 19(12): p. e406.
21. El-Gayar, O., et al., A systematic review of IT for diabetes self-management: are we there yet? Int J Med Inform, 2013. 82(8): p. 637-52.
22. Galaviz, K.I., et al., Global Diabetes Prevention Interventions: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of the Real-World Impact on Incidence, Weight, and Glucose. Diabetes Care, 2018. 41(7): p. 1526-1534.
23. Haw, J.S., et al., Long-term Sustainability of Diabetes Prevention Approaches: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Intern Med, 2017. 177(12): p. 1808-1817.
24. Ely, E.K., et al., A National Effort to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes: Participant-Level Evaluation of CDC’s National Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care, 2017. 40(10): p. 1331-1341.
25. Oakley, A., et al., Process evaluation in randomised controlled trials of complex interventions. BMJ, 2006. 332(7538): p. 413-416.
26. Lewin, S., C. Glenton, and A.D. Oxman, Use of qualitative methods alongside randomised controlled trials of complex healthcare interventions: methodological study. BMJ, 2009. 339.

1. Pedersen BK, Saltin B: Exercise as medicine – evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25 (Suppl 3): 1-72
2. Kirchner H, Osler ME, Krook A, Zierath JR: Epigenetic flexibility in metabolic regulation: disease cause and prevention? Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23: 203-209
3. Benatti FB, Pedersen BK Exercise as an anti-inflammatory therapy for rheumatic diseases-myokine regulation. Nat rev Rheumatol 2015; 11: 86-97
4. Fiuza-Luces C, Garatachea N, Berger NA, Lucia A: Exercise is the Real Polypill Physiology 2013; 28:330-358
5. ADA’s current clinical practice recommendations: Lifestyle Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2018. Diabetes Care 2018; 41(Suppl. 1): 38-50
6. Röhling M, Müssig K, Stemper T: Diabetes und Sport. Diabetologie 2014; 9: R21-R34
7. Chimen M, Kennedy A, Nirantharakumar K, Pang TT, Andrews R, Narendran P: What are the health benefits of physical activity in type 1 diabetes mellitus? A literature review Diabetologia 2012; 55:542-551
8. Codella R, Terruzzi I, Luzi L: Why should people with type 1 diabetes exercise regularly? Acta Diabetologica 2017; 7: 615-630
9. Riddell MC,Gallen IW, Smart CE et al: Exercise management in type 1 diabetes: a consensus statement. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30014-112
10. Kennedy A, Narendran P, Andrews RC, Daley A, Greenfield SM for the EXTOD Group: Attitudes and barriers to exercise in adults with a recent diagnosis of type 1 diabetes: a qualitative study of participants in the Exercise for Type 1 Diabetes (EXTOD) study. BMJ Open 2018; 8: e017813; doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017813
11. Tikkanen-Dolenc H, Wad´en J, Forsblom C, Harjutsalo V, Thorn LM, Saraheimo M, Elonen N, Tikkanen HO, Groop P-H: Physical Activity Reduces Risk of Premature Mortality in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes with and without Kidney Disease. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:1727-1732
12. Strobel S, Gehr B, Landgraf R, Thurm U: Typ-1-Diabetes und Leistungssport. Diabetologe 2015; 11:593-604
13. Stutchbury B: Out of Hours: Diabetes: the danger of exercise. Br J Gen Pract 2016; 66 (649): 427
14. Esefeld K, Zimmer P, Stumvoll M, Halle M: Diabetes, Sport und Bewegung. Diabetologie 2017; 12 (Suppl 2): 212-217
15. Bohn B, Herbst A, Pfeifer M, Krakow D, Zimny S, Kopp F, Melmer A, Steinacker JM, Holl RW: Impact of Physical Activity on Glycemic Control and Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: A Cross-sectional Multicenter Study of 18,028 Patients. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:1536-1543
16. Kennedy A, Nirantharakumar K, Chimen M, Pang TT, Hemming K, Andrews RC, Narendran P: Does exercise improve glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8: e58861
17. Yardley JE, Hay J, Abou-Setta AM, Marks SD, McGavock J: A systematic review and metaanalysis of exercise interventions in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 106: 393–400.
18. Herbst A, Bachran R, Kapellen T, Holl RW: Effects of Regular Physical Activity on Control of Glycemia in Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006; 160: 573-577
19. Brazeau AS, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Strychar I, Mircescu H: Barriers to physical activity among patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008; 31:2108-2109
20. Behrens M, Weber D, Kaltheuner M, Heinemann L, Faber-Heinemann G: Körperliche Aktivität bei Typ-1-Diabetes: Ergebnisse von winMove. Diabetes Stoffw Herz 2017; 26: 65-73
21. Colberg SR, Laan R, Dassau E, Kerr D: Physical Activity and Type 1 Diabetes:Time for a Rewire? Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 2015; 9(3) 609–618
22. Jayawardene DC, McAuley SA, Horsburgh JC, La Gerche A, Jenkins AJ, Ward GM et al: Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery for Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Undertaking High-Intensity Interval Exercise Versus Moderate-Intensity Exercise: A Randomized, Crossover Study. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2017; 19 (6): 340-348
23. Breton MD, Chernavvsky DR, Forlenza GP, DeBoer MD,Robic J, Wadwa RW, Messer LH, Kovatchev BP, Maahs DM: Closed-Loop Control During Intense Prolonged Outdoor Exercise in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: The Artificial Pancreas Ski Study. Diabetes Care 2017; 40: 1644–1650
24. Dovc K, Macedoni M, Bratina N, Lepej D, Nimri R, Atlas E, Muller I, Kordonouri O, Biester T, Danne T, Phillip M, Battelino T: Closed-loop glucose control in young people with type 1 diabetes during and after unannounced physical activity: a randomised controlled crossover trial. Diabetologia 2017; 60: 2157–2167
25. Ding S, Schumacher M: Sensor Monitoring of Physical Activity to Improve Glucose Management in Diabetic Patients: A Review. Sensors 2016; 16: 589; doi:10.3390/s16040589
26. Forst T: Bei uns in Deutschland ist Hybrid Closed Loop noch nicht angekommen. Info Diabetologie 2018; 12 (2): 15
27. Sackett DL, Rosenberg WMC, Gray J, Haynes RB, Richardsom WS: Evidence based medicine: what is it and what it isn`t. BMJ 1996; 312: 71-72
28. Bundesärztekammer (BÄK), Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV), Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF). Nationale Versorgungsleitlinie Therapie des Typ-2-Diabetes – Langfassung, 1. Auflage. Version 4. 2013, zuletzt geändert: November 2014. Available from: www.dm-therapie.versorgungsleitlinien.de; [cited: 16.06.2018]; DOI: 10.6101/AZQ/000213
29. Hrsg. Borchert P, Klare W-R, Zimmer P: Der Übungsleiter - Diabetes und Sport. Kirchheimverlag 2014; 2. Auflage: 85ff
30. Hébert ET, Caughy MO, Shuval K: Primary care providers’ perceptions of physical activity counselling in a clinical setting: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2012; 46: 625-631
31. Stuij M: Physical activity, that’s a tricky subject; Experiences of health care professionals with physical activity in type 2 diabetes. BMC Health Services Research 2018; 18: 297; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3102-1
32. Di Loreto C: Make your diabetic Patients walk. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 1295-1302

1. Schulze MB, Manson JE, Ludwig DS, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women. JAMA 2004; 292: 927-34.
2. Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 274 88.
3. Te Morenga L, Mallard S, Mann J. Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ 2012; 346: e7492.
4. de Ruyter JC, Olthof MR, Seidell JC, Katan MB. A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1397-406.
5. Ebbeling CB, Feldman HA, Chomitz VR, Antonelli TA, Gortmaker SL, Osganian SK, Ludwig DS. A randomized trial of sugar-sweetened beverages and adolescent body weight. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1407-16.
6. Palmer JR, Boggs DA, Krishnan S, Hu FB, Singer M, Rosenberg L. Sugar-sweetened beverages and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in African American women. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 1487-92.
7. de Koning L, Malik VS, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverage consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in men. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93: 1321-7.
8. Greenwood DC, Threapleton DE, Evans CE, Cleghorn CL, Nykjaer C, Woodhead C, Burley VJ. Association between sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Br J Nutr 2014; 112: 725-34.
9. Imamura F, O‘Connor L, Ye Z, Mursu J, Hayashino Y, Bhupathiraju SN, Forouhi NG. Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction. BMJ 2015; 351: h3576.
10. Hu FB. Resolved: there is sufficient scientific evidence that decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption will reduce the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related diseases. Obes Rev 2013; 14: 606-19.
11. Bray GA, Popkin BM. Dietary sugar and body weight: have we reached a crisis in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes?: health be damned! Pour on the sugar. Diabetes Care 2014; 37: 950-6.
12. Yang Q, Zhang Z, Gregg EW, Flanders WD, Merritt R, Hu FB. Added sugar intake and cardiovascular diseases mortality among US adults. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 174: 516-24.
13. Te Morenga LA, Howatson AJ, Jones RM, Mann J. Dietary sugars and cardiometabolic risk: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of the effects on blood pressure and lipids. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100: 65-79.
14. Maersk M, Belza A, Holst JJ, Fenger-Grøn M, Pedersen SB, Astrup A, Richelsen B. Satiety scores and satiety hormone response after sucrose-sweetened soft drink compared with isocaloric semi-skimmed milk and with non-caloric soft drink: a controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66: 523-9.
15. Johnson RJ, Perez-Pozo SE, Sautin YY, Manitius J, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Feig DI, Shafiu M, Segal M, Glassock RJ, Shimada M, Roncal C, Nakagawa T. Hypothesis: could excessive fructose intake and uric acid cause type 2 diabetes? Endocr Rev 2009; 30: 96-116.
16. Bray GA. Energy and fructose from beverages sweetened with sugar or high-fructose corn syrup pose a health risk for some people. Adv Nutr 2013; 4: 220-5.
17. DiNicolantonio JJ, O‘Keefe JH, Lucan SC. Added fructose: a principal driver of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its consequences. Mayo Clin Proc 2015;90:372-81.
18. Lustig R, Mulligan, K, Noworolski SM, Tai VW, Wen MJ, Erkin-Cakmak A, Gugliucci A, Schwarz J-M. Isocaloric fructose restriction and metabolic improvement in children with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obesity 2016; 24: 453-60.
19. Max-Rubner-Institut: Ernährungsphysiologische Bewertung und Auswirkungen des Isoglukosekonsums auf die menschliche Gesundheit (Mai 2017) https://www.mri.bund.de/fileadmin/MRI/Veroeffentlichungen/Isoglukose_Ern%C3%A4hrungsphysiologische_Bewertung.pdf
20. „Health effects of isoglucose” in ENVI-Newsletter, June 2017 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/121894/12%20-%20ENVI%20News%2021-22%20June%202017.pdf
21. WHO: Guideline Sugars Intake for Adults and Children http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/149782/9789241549028_eng.pdf;jsessionid=D0AC4CC0772479C594B93A6A3153E3C0?sequence=1
22. https://www.dge.de/ernaehrungspraxis/vollwertige-ernaehrung/10-regeln-der-dge/
23. https://www.bmel.de/DE/Ernaehrung/_Texte/Reformulierung.html
24. Effertz T, Garlichs D, Gerlach S, Müller MJ, Pötschke-Langer M, Prümel-Philippsen U, Schaller K, für die Deutsche Allianz gegen Nichtübertragbare Krankheiten (DANK). Wirkungsvolle Prävention nichtübertragbarer Krankheiten. Strategiepapier der NCD-Allianz zur Primärprävention. Präv. Gesundheitsforschung 2015; 10: 95. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11553-014-0483-9?no-access=true
25. Gerlach S, Joost H-G. Nationale Reduktionsstrategie 2016. Positionspapier von diabetesDE – Deutsche Diabetes-Hilfe. Ernährungs-Umschau 2016; 63: 88-91.
26. https://www.wcrf.org/int/policy/nourishing-database
27. https://www.deutsche-diabetes-gesellschaft.de/fileadmin/Redakteur/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2017/Pressemappe_PK_Aktion_gesunde_MwSt_Nov_2017_F.pdf
28. https://www.schuleplusessen.de/fileadmin/user_upload/medien/DGE_Qualitaetsstandard_Schule.pdf
29. https://www.dank-allianz.de/files/content/dokumente/DANK-Grundsatzpapier_ES.pdf
30. Delegierte Verordnung (EU) 2017/40
31. https://www.foodwatch.org/de/informieren/zucker-fett-co/aktuelle-nachrichten/zuckermilch-in-der-schule/

1. World Health Organization. Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor. Genf; 2017. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/258940/1/9789241513029-eng.pdf?ua=1.
2. Effertz T, Gerlach S, Grabfelder M, Müller MJ, Schaller K, Deutsche Allianz gegen Nichtübertragbare Krankheiten. Prävention nichtübertragbarer Krankheiten – eine gesamtgesellschaftliche Aufgabe: Grundsatzpapier der Deutschen Allianz Nichtübertragbare Krankheiten (DANK). Berlin; 2016. https://www.dank-allianz.de/files/content/dokumente/DANK-Grundsatzpapier_ES.pdf
3. Effertz T, Garlichs D, Gerlach S, Müller MJ, Pötschke-Langer M, Prümel-Philippsen U, et al. Wirkungsvolle Prävention chronischer Krankheiten. Strategiepapier der NCD-Allianz zur Primärprävention. Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung. 2015;10:95–100.
4. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung e.V. DGE-Qualitätsstandard für die Schulverpflegung. Bonn; 2015. https://www.schuleplusessen.de/fileadmin/user_upload/medien/DGE_Qualitaetsstandard_Schule.pdf
5. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung e.V. DGE-Qualitätsstandard für die Verpflegung in Tageseinrichtungen für Kinder. Bonn; 2015. https://www.fitkid-aktion.de/fileadmin/user_upload/medien/DGE_Qualitaetsstandard_FITKID.pdf
6. Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft. Präventionsgesetz geht an den wirklichen Problemen vorbei: Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft fordert andere Strategie. Berlin; 26.11.2018. https://www.deutsche-diabetes-gesellschaft.de/presse/ddg-pressemeldungen/meldungen-detailansicht/article/praeventionsgesetz-geht-an-den-wirklichen-problemen-vorbei-deutsche-diabetes-gesellschaft-fordert-a.html
7. Adab P, Pallan MJ, Lancashire ER, Hemming K, Frew E, Barrett T, et al. Effectiveness of a childhood obesity prevention programme delivered through schools, targeting 6 and 7 year olds: cluster randomised controlled trial (WAVES study). BMJ. 2017;360:k211. doi:10.1136/bmj.k211.
8. Effertz T. Die Auswirkungen der Besteuerung von Lebensmitteln. Berlin; 2018. https://www.dank-allianz.de/files/content/nachrichten/nachrichten-dank/2017/Pressemeldungen/05_Zucker_Fett_Steuer_Deutschland_Endbericht_Stand_06112017.pdf
9. Berufsverband der Kinder- und Jugendärzte, Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft, foodwatch. Offener Brief: „Ärzte und medizinisches Fachpersonal gegen Fehlernährung“. Berlin; 2018. https://www.foodwatch.org/uploads/media/Dok_2_2018-05-02_offener_Brief_AErzteschaft_Praevention_Fehlernaehrung.pdf
10. Bundesärztekammer. 121. Deutscher Ärztetag Beschlussprotokoll. Berlin; 2018. https://www.bundesaerztekammer.de/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/pdf-Ordner/121.DAET/121_Beschlussprotokoll.pdf
11. Ministerium für Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz Saarland. Gegen Kinderwerbung für ungesunde Lebensmittel und für eine längere Lebensdauer von Elektrogeräten – Große Einigkeit bei der Konferenz der Verbraucherschutzminister in Saarbrücken. Saarbrücken; 15.06.2018. https://www.saarland.de/vsmk.htm
12. Deutsche Allianz Nichtübertragbare Krankheiten. Werbung steigert Kalorienaufnahme bei Kindern. Berlin; 18.07.2018. https://www.dank-allianz.de/nachricht/282.html

1. Jacobs E, Hoyer A, Brinks R., et al.: Burden of Mortality Attributable to Diagnosed Diabetes: A Nationwide Analysis Based on Claims Data From 65 Million People in Germany. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:1703
2. Rawshani A, Rawshani A, Franzén S, et al.: Excess mortality and cardiovascular disease in young adults with type 1 diabetes in relation to age at onset: a nationwide, register-based cohort study. Lancet 2018 Aug11; 392(10146):477-486
3. Rawshani A, Rawshani A, Franzén S, et al.: Risk Factors, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 16;379(7):633-644
4. Tschoepe D, Towae F, Papp A, et al.: High 3-year-mortality rates in females with newly diagnosed diabetes after acute STEMI and NSTEMI: results of the SWEETHEART registry. Diabetologia 2012;55:30–31
5. Neumann FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group: 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization European Heart Journal, ehy394, online published: 25 August 2018
6. Kristensen SL, Preiss D, Jhund PS, et al.; PARADIGM-HF Investigators and Committees: Risk related to pre-diabetes mellitus and diabetes mellitus in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: insights from prospective comparison of ARNI with ACEI to determine impact on global mortality and morbidity in heart failure trial. Circ Heart Fail 2016;9 (1)
7. Halle M, Gitt AK, Hanefeld M, et al.: Diabetes und Herzinsuffizienz: eine praxisorientierte, kritische Bestandsaufnahme. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2012; 137:437–441
8. Junttila MJ, Barthel P, Myerburg RJ, et al.: Sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction in patients with typ 2 diabetes. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:1396–1403
9. Cubbon RM, Wheatcroft SB, Grant PJ, et al.: Evaluation of Methods and Management of Acute Coronary Events Investigators: Temporal trends in mortality of patients with diabetes mellitus suffering acute myocardial infarction: a comparison of over 3000 patients between 1995 and 2003. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 540–550
10. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al.; EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators: Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015; 373 (22): 2117–2128
11. Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. for LEADER Steering Comittee on behalf of the LEADER Trial Investigators: Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:311-322
12. Kosiborod M, Cavender M, Norhammar A: Lower rates of hospitalization for heart failure and all-cause death in new users of SGLT2 inhibitors: the CVD-REAL study. 66th Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology, Washington, DC. März 17-19, 2017. Abstract 415-1
13. Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al.: 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Europace 2016; 18 (11): 1609–78
14. Doherty JU, Gluckman TJ, Hucker WJ, et al.: 2017 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway for periprocedural management of anticoagulatoon in patients with nonvalvular atrila Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Clinical Expert Consensus Document Task Force. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69 (7): 871-98
15. Steffel H, Heidbuchel H: ‘Ten Commandments’ of the EHRA Guide for the Use of NOACs in AF. European Heart Journal 2018; 39 (16): 1322
16. Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M.: Diabetes as a risk factor for stroke in women compares with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 cohorts, including 775,385 individuals and 12,539 strokes. Lancet 2014; 383: 1973-80
17. O‘Donnell MJ, Chin SL, Rangarajan S, et al.; INTERSTROKE investigators: Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): a case-control study. Lancet 2016 Aug 20; 388(10046):761-775
18. Jeerakathil T, Johnson JA, Simpson SH, et al.: Short-term risk for stroke in doubled in persons with newly treated type 2 diabetes compared with persons without diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Stroke 2007; 38: 1739-43
19. Bushnell CD, Olson DM, Zhao X, et al.; AVAIL Investigators: Secondary preventive medication persistence and adherence 1 year after stroke. Neurology 2011; 77: 1182-90
20. Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Furie KL et al.; IRIS Trial Investigators: Pioglitazone after Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack. N Engl J Med 2016 Apr 7; 374(14): 1321-31
21. Yaghi S, Furie KL, Viscoli CM et al.; IRIS Trial Investigators: Pioglitazone Prevents Stroke in Patients With a Recent Transient Ischemic Attack or Ischemic Stroke: A Planned Secondary Analysis of the IRIS Trial (Insulin Resistance Intervention After Stroke). Circulation 2018 Jan 30; 137(5): 455-463
22. Rydén L, Grant PJ, Anker SD, et al.: ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with EASD: The Task Force on diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J 2013; 34 (39): 3035–3087

1. Rasmussen A, Almdal T, Nielsen AA et al. Decreasing incidence of foot ulcers among patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the period 2001-2014. Diab Res Clin Pract 2017;130:221-228.
2. Stoekenbroek RM, Lokin JLC, Nielen MM et al. How common are foot problems among individuals with diabetes ? Diabetic foot ulcers in the Dutch population. Diabetologia 2017;60:1271-75
3. Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA. Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence. NEJM 2017;376:2367-75.
4. Lawall H. Periphere arterielle Verschlusskrankheit und Diabetes mellitus. Diabetologe 2017;13:591-602
5. Kröger K, Berg C, Santosa F, Malyar N, Reinecke H. Amputationen der unteren Extremität in Deutschland. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2017;114:130-6.
6. Morbach S, Müller E, Reike H, Risse A, Rümenapf G, Spraul M. Diabetisches Fuß-Syndrom. Praxisleitlinie DDG. Diabetologie 2013;8:180-88
7. Malone M, Nau NS, White J et al. The effect of diabetes mellitus on costs and length of stay in patients with peripheral arterial disease undergoing vascular surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014;48:447-51
8. Freisinger E, Malyar N, Reinecke H, Lawall H. Impact of diabetes on outcome in critical limb ischemia with tissue loss: a larged-scaled routine data analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017;16:41-51
9. Skrepnek GH, Mills JL, Lavery LA et al. Health care service and outcome among an estimated 6.7 million ambulatory care diabetic foot cases in the U.S. Diabetes Care 2017;40:936-42.
10. Paisey RB, Abbott A, Leverson R et al. Diabetes-related major-limb amputation incidence is strongly related to diabetic foot service provision and improves with enhancement of services:peer review of the South-West of England. Diabet Med 2017;28:199-205
11. Prompers L, Schaper N, Apelquist J et al. Prediction of outcome in individuals with diabetic foot ulcers:focus on between individuals with and without peripheral vascular disease. The EURODIALE Study. Diabetologia 2008;51:747-55
12. Lawall H, Huppert P, Rümenapf G. S3-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge der PAVK. AWMF-LL 065/003; 2015
13. ESC-Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial disease. Eur Heart J 2017;doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx095
14. Reinecke H, Unrath M, Freisinger E, et al. Peripheral arterial disease and critical limb ischaemia: still poor outcomes and lack of guideline adherence. Eur Heart J 2015;36:932-938.
15. Freisinger E, Malyar NM, Reinecke H, Lawall H. Impact of diabetes on outcome in critical limb ischemia with tissue loss:a large-scaled routine data analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017;16:41-51
16. Hoffmann F, Claessen H, Morbach S et al. Impact of diabetes and costs before and after major lower extremity amputations in Germany. J Diab and Compl 2013;27:467-72
17. Edmonds M, Lazaro-Martinez JL, Alfayate-Garcia JM et al. Sucrose octasulfat dressing versus control dressing in patients with neuroischemic diabetic foot ulcers (EXPLORER): an international, multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Diab Endocrin 2018;6:186-96
18. Kröger K, Moysidis T, Fegjaly M et al. Association of diabetic foot care and amputation rates in Germany. Int Wound J 2014;doi:10.1111/iwj.12347
19. Lobmann R, Rümenapf G, Lawall H, Kersken J. Diabetischer Fuß: Beispiel für sektorübergreifende Versorgungsstrukturen. Diabetologe 2017;13:8-13

1. Levey et al. Ann Intern Med. 1999
2. Levey A. et al; Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604-612

1. Green JB, Bethel MA, Armstrong PW, Buse JB, Engel SS, Garg J, et al. Effect of Sitagliptin on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine. 2015;373(3):232-42.
2. Hammes HP, Welp R, Kempe HP, Wagner C, Siegel E, Holl RW, et al. Risk Factors for Retinopathy and DME in Type 2 Diabetes-Results from the German/Austrian DPV Database. PloS one. 2015;10(7):e0132492.
3. Leasher JL, Bourne RR, Flaxman SR, Jonas JB, Keeffe J, Naidoo K, et al. Global Estimates on the Number of People Blind or Visually Impaired by Diabetic Retinopathy: A Meta-analysis From 1990 to 2010. Diabetes care. 2016;39(9):1643-9.
4. Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, Eliaschewitz FG, Jodar E, Leiter LA, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine. 2016;375(19):1834-44.
5. Ponto KA, Koenig J, Peto T, Lamparter J, Raum P, Wild PS, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in screening-detected diabetes mellitus: results from the Gutenberg Health Study (GHS). Diabetologia. 2016;59(9):1913-9.
6. Schorr SG, Hammes HP, Muller UA, Abholz HH, Landgraf R, Bertram B. The Prevention and Treatment of Retinal Complications in Diabetes. Deutsches Arzteblatt international. 2016;113(48):816-23.

1. Lenz et al.2009
2. Bellou et al, 2017
3. Yusuf S et al, Lancet 2004
4. Elagizi A et al 2018
5. Romero-Corral A, Lancet 2006 und Wang ZJ, Heart 2015
6. Knowler 2002
7. Pastors JG 2002
8. Rothberg AE, 2014
9. Taylor R, Cell Metabol 2018
10. Sacks FM, NEJM 2009
11. Kerns, Obesity 2017
12. S3 Leitlinien, Version 2.3 (Februar 2018) AWMF-Register Nr. 088-001
13. Buse J et al, 2009

1. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015 Jan 10;385(9963):117-71.
2. Stefan N, Häring HU, Hu FB, Schulze MB. Metabolically healthy obesity: epidemiology, mechanisms, and clinical implications. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2013 Oct;1(2):152-62.
3. Stefan N, Schick F, Häring HU. Causes, Characteristics, and Consequences of Metabolically Unhealthy Normal Weight in Humans. Cell Metab. 2017 Aug 1;26(2):292-300.
4. Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016 Jul;64(1):73-84.
5. Tapper EB, Lok AS. Use of Liver Imaging and Biopsy in Clinical Practice. N Engl J Med. 2017 Aug 24;377(8):756-768.
6. Diehl AM, Day C. Cause, Pathogenesis, and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Nov 23;377(21):2063-2072.
7. Kühn JP, Meffert P, Heske C, Kromrey ML, Schmidt CO, Mensel B, Völzke H, Lerch MM, Hernando D, Mayerle J, Reeder SB. Prevalence of Fatty Liver Disease and Hepatic Iron Overload in a Northeastern German Population by Using Quantitative MR Imaging. Radiology. 2017 Sep;284(3):706-716.
8. Stefan N, Häring HU, Schulze MB. Metabolically healthy obesity: the low-hanging fruit in obesity treatment? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 Mar;6(3):249-258.

1. Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G, et al. 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias. Eur Heart J 2016; 37(39): 2999-3058.
2. Jacobson TA, Ito MK, Maki KC, et al. National lipid association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia: part 1--full report. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 9(2): 129-69.
3. Jacobson TA, Maki KC, Orringer CE, et al. National Lipid Association Recommendations for Patient-Centered Management of Dyslipidemia: Part 2. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 9(6 Suppl): S1-122 e1.
4. Jellinger PS, Handelsman Y, Rosenblit PD, et al. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF DYSLIPIDEMIA AND PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE - EXECUTIVE SUMMARYComplete Appendix to Guidelines available at http://journals.aace.com. Endocr Pract 2017; 23(4): 479-97.
5. 9. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care 2018; 41(Suppl 1): S86-S104.
6. Gregg EW, Li Y, Wang J, et al. Changes in diabetes-related complications in the United States, 1990-2010. N Engl J Med 2014; 370(16): 1514-23.
7. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004; 364(9438): 937-52.
8. Nordestgaard BG, Langsted A, Mora S, et al. Fasting is not routinely required for determination of a lipid profile: clinical and laboratory implications including flagging at desirable concentration cut-points-a joint consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Eur Heart J 2016; 37(25): 1944-58.
9. Sniderman AD, De Graaf J, Couture P, Williams K, Kiss RS, Watts GF. Regulation of plasma LDL: the apoB paradigm. Clin Sci (Lond) 2010; 118(5): 333-9.
10. Parhofer KG. The Treatment of Disorders of Lipid Metabolism. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2016; 113(15): 261-8.
11. Moriarty PM, Parhofer KG, Babirak SP, et al. Alirocumab in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia undergoing lipoprotein apheresis: the ODYSSEY ESCAPE trial. Eur Heart J 2016; 37(48): 3588-95.
12. Ewald N, Kloer HU. Treatment options for severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG): the role of apheresis. Clin Res Cardiol Suppl 2012; 7(Suppl 1): 31-5.

1. Karges B, Neu A, Hofer SE et al. Häufigkeit und Einflussfaktoren der Ketoazidose bei Diabetesmanifestation im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Klinische Pädiatrie 2011;223:70-73.
2. Puff R, Haupt F, Winkler C, et al. Früh erkennen, früh behandeln „Fr1da“ screent Kinder auf Typ-1-Diabetes. MMW Fortschr Med 2016;158:65-66.
3. Karges B, Schwandt A, Heidtmann B, et al. Association of insulin pump therapy vs insulin injection therapy with severe hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, and glycemic control among children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes. JAMA 2017;318:1358-1366.
4. Sherr JL, Hermann JM, Campbell F, et al. Use of insulin pump therapy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and its impact on metabolic control: comparison of results from three large, transatlantic paediatric registries. Diabetologia 2016;59:87-91.
5. Karges B, Kapellen T, Wagner VM, et al. Glycated hemoglobin A1c as a risk factor for severe hypoglycemia in pediatric type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2017;18(1):51-58.
6. Rosenbauer J, Dost A, Karges B, et al. Pädiatrische Diabetestherapie: Haben sich die Ergebnisse in den letzten 15 Jahren verbessert? Pädiatrische Praxis 2012;79:91-106.
7. Haynes A, Hermann JM, Miller KM, et al. Severe hypoglycemia rates are not associated with HbA1c: a cross-sectional analysis of 3 contemporary pediatric diabetes registry databases. Pediatr Diabetes 2016; doi: 10.1111/pedi.12477
8. Bohn B, Rosenbauer J, Icks A, et al. Regional Disparities in Diabetes Care for Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. A Cross-sectional DPV Multicenter Analysis of 24,928 German Children and Adolescents. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2016;124(2):111-119.
9. Bächle C, Scheuing N, Kruse J, et al. Gestörtes Essverhalten und Essstörungen bei Typ-1-Diabetes: Ein Zusammenspiel mit Relevanz für die Diabetestherapie? Diabetes, Stoffwechsel und Herz 2014;23(3):156-160.
10. Hilgard D, Konrad K, Meusers M, et al. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: Analysis based on the multicentre DPV registry. Pediatr Diabetes 2016; doi: 10.1111/pedi.12431.
11. Plener PL, Molz E, Berger G, et al. Depression, metabolic control, and antidepressant medication in young patients with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2015;16(1):58-66.
12. Wolf J, Prinz N, Rohrer T, et al. Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 und Zöliakie: Was ist für Kinder- und Jugendärzte wichtig? Päd Praxis 2016;87(1):1-12.
13. Craig ME, Prinz N, Boyle CT, et al. Prevalence of Celiac Disease in 52,721 Youth With Type 1 Diabetes: International Comparison Across Three Continents. Diabetes Care 2017;40(8):1034-1040.
14. Rohrer TR, Wolf J, Liptay S, et al. Microvascular Complications in Childhood-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Celiac Disease: A Multicenter Longitudinal. Analysis of 56,514 Patients from the German-Austrian DPV Database. Diabetes Care 2015;38:801-807.
15. Prinz N, Püngel D, Kuderer J, et al. Typ-1-Diabetes und Zöliakie – Glutenfrei, was macht der Blutzucker? Diabetes Journal 2016;3:29-29.
16. Meissner T, Karges B, Rosenbauer J, et al. Diabetes bei Kindern und Jugendlichen: Nicht immer Typ-1-Diabetes. Die Medizinische Welt 2012;63(5):251-258.
17. Konrad K, Thon A, Fritsch M, et al. Comparison of Cystic Fibrosis-related diabetes with type-1 diabetes based on a German/Austrian pediatric diabetes registry. Diabetes Care 2013;36:879-886.
18. Hofer SE, Schwandt A, Holl RW. Standardized documentation in pediatric diabetology: experience from Austria and Germany. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2016;10:1042-1049.
19. Kapellen T, Müther S, Schwandt A, et al. Transition to adult diabetes care in Germany-High risk for acute complications and declining metabolic control during the transition phase. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; [im Druck]

1. http://https://www.deutsche-diabetes-gesellschaft.de/fileadmin/Redakteur/Leitlinien/Evidenzbasierte_Leitlinien/2018/057_017_LL_Alter_Gesamtdokument_20180713.pdf
2. http://https://www.diabetologie-online.de/a/demenz-bei-diabetes-verhindern-yes-we-can-1789391
3. http://https://www.aerztezeitung.de/medizin/krankheiten/diabetes/article/969464/diabetes-zukunft-gehoert-sensorischen-zuckermessung.html

1. Kruse, J. & Ladwig, K. (2017). Extrembelastungen in der Kindheit. Ein Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung von Diabetes? Der Diabetologe. 13: 548-553.
2. Lundgren, M., Ellström, K., Elding Larsson, H. et al. (2018). Influence of early-life parental severe life events on the risk of type 1 diabetes in children: the DiPiS study. Acta Diabetol, 55: 797.
3. Kulzer B, Lüthgens B, Landgraf R et al (2015). Diabetesbezogene Belastungen, Wohlbefinden und Einstellung von Menschen mit Diabetes. Deutsche Ergebnisse der DAWN2 ™-Studie. Diabetologe 11(3):211–218.
4. Ehrmann D, Kulzer B, Haak T et al. (2015) Longitudinal relationship of diabetes-related distress and depressive symptoms: analysing incidence and persistence. Diabet.Med 32:1264-1271.
5. Kulzer, B., Lüthgens, B., Landgraf, R. et al.(2017). Wie belastend erleben Angehörige den Diabetes? Deutsche Stichprobe der internationalen DAWN2™-Studie. Diabetologe, 13: 570.
6. Kulzer B, Albus C, Herpertz S, Kruse J, Lange K, Lederbogen F, Petrak F (2013). Psychosoziales und Diabetes (Teil 1). Diabetol Stoffwechs 8(3):198–242.
7. Kulzer B, Albus C, Herpertz S, Kruse J, Lange K, Lederbogen F, Petrak F (2013). Psychosoziales und Diabetes (Teil 2). Diabetol Stoffwechs 8(4):292–324.

1. Ebert, Oliver; Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG); Bohn, Barbara; Bertram, Bernd; Buchberger, Barbara; Finck, Hermann; Hoß, Jürgen; Hübner, Peter; Krabbe, Laura; Kulzer, Bernhard; Küstner, Eva; Lachenmayr, Bernhard; Lemmen, Klaus-Dieter; Petry, Friedhelm; Rinnert, Kurt; Salomon, Markus; Schütt, Wolfgang; Holl, Reinhard W: S2e-Leitlinie Diabetes und Straßenverkehr Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel; Ausgabe 01, 2018 Heft 13, Seite 54 – 174
2. Rinnert, Kurt: Leitfaden für Betriebsärzte zu Diabetes und Beruf. Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung, www.dguv.de/publikationen
3. Ebert, Oliver; Diabetes und Soziales. Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel 2018; 13(02): 151-165. DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-121597

1. http://www.absatzwirtschaft.de/top-studie-deutschland-hat-die-aktivsten-app-nutzer-europas-126769/
2. http://www.absatzwirtschaft.de/top-studie-deutschland-hat-die-aktivsten-app-nutzer-europas-126769/
3. http://www.ard-zdf-onlinestudie.de/http://www.ard-werbung.de/media-perspektiven/fachzeitschrift/2017/artikel/studienreihe-medien-und-ihr-publikum/
4. http://www.ard-werbung.de/media-perspektiven/fachzeitschrift/2017/artikel/studienreihe-medien-und-ihr-publikum/
5. http://www.ard-zdf-onlinestudie.de/ardzdf-onlinestudie-2017/onlinenutzung/
6. http://https://www.hcm-magazin.de/viele-menschen-informieren-sich-online-ueber-gesundheitsthemen/150/27350/365168
7. http://https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/es/publikationen/publikation/did/nutzung-und-verbreitung-von-gesundheitsinformationen/
8. http://https://www.bitkom.org/Presse/Presseinformation/Fast-jeder-Zweite-nutzt-Gesundheits-Apps.html
9. http://https://www.bitkom.org/Presse/Presseinformation/Fast-jeder-Zweite-nutzt-Gesundheits-Apps.html
10. http://https://www.br.de/nachrichten/dorothee-baer-was-macht-die-staatsministerin-fuer-digitalisierung-100.html , Stand 2. Juli 2018

1. Lind M et al (2017), Continous Glucose Monitoring vs. Conventional Therapy for Glycemic Control in Adults witch Typ 1 Diabetes Treated with multiple Daily Insulin Injections. The Gold Randomized Clinical Trial, JAMA 2017;317;379-387
2. Bergenstal RM, Ahmann AJ, Bailey T et al. (2013). Recommendations for standardizing glucose reporting and analysis to optimize clinical decision making in diabetes: the ambulatory glucose profile. J Diabetes Sci Technol 7:562-578
3. Gandhi GY, Kovalaske M, Kudva Y et al. (2011). Efficacy of continuous glucose monitoring in improving glycemic control and reducing hypoglycemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Diabetes Sci Technol 5:952-965
4. Sartore G, Chilelli NC, Burlina S et al. (2012). The importance of HbA1c and glucose variability in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: outcome of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Acta Diabetol 49 Suppl 1:S153-160
5. Sartore G, Chilelli NC, Burlina S et al. (2013). Association between glucose variability as assessed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and diabetic retinopathy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 50:437-442
6. Smith-Palmer J, Brandle M, Trevisan R et al. (2014). Assessment of the association between glycemic variability and diabetes-related complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 105:273-284
7. Soupal J, Skrha J, Jr., Fajmon M et al. (2014). Glycemic variability is higher in type 1 diabetes patients with microvascular complications irrespective of glycemic control. Diabetes Technol Ther 16:198-203
8. Cengiz E, Xing D, Wong JC et al. (2013). Severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis among youth with type 1 diabetes in the T1D Exchange clinic registry. Pediatr Diabetes 14:447-454
9. Karges B, Rosenbauer J, Kapellen T et al. (2014). Hemoglobin A1c Levels and risk of severe hypoglycemia in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes from Germany and Austria: a trend analysis in a cohort of 37,539 patients between 1995 and 2012. PLoS Med 11:e1001742
10. Uzu T, Hatta T, Deji N et al. (2009). Target for glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients on hemodialysis: effects of anemia and erythropoietin injection on hemoglobin A(1c). Ther Apher Dial 13:89-94
11. Shipman KE, Jawad M, Sullivan KM et al. (2015). Ethnic/racial determinants of glycemic markers in a UK sample. Acta Diabetol 52:687-692
12. Danne T, Nimri R, Battelino T, et al. (2017). International consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care; 40: 1631-1640
13. Evans M, Cranston I, Bailey CJ (2017). Ambulatory glucose profile (AGP): utility in UK clinical practice. Br J Diabetes. 17: 26-33
14. Dunn TC, Crouther N (2010). Assessment of the variance of the ambulatory glucose profile over 3 to 20 days of continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetologia; 53 (Suppl. 1): 421
15. Mazze, R.S., et al., (2018). Characterizing glucose exposure for individuals with normal glucose tolerance using continuous glucose monitoring and ambulatory glucose profile analysis. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 10(3): p. 149-159.
16. Kröger J. et al. (2018). Praxisbezogene Empfehlung zum Ambulanten Glukoseprofil. Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel; 13(02): 174-183
17. Matthaei, S., et al. (2014). Consensus recommendations for the use of Ambulatory Glucose Profile in clinical practice. The British Journal of Diabetes and Vascular Disease, 14(4): p. 153-157.
18. Siegmund, T., et al. (2015). Ambulantes Glukoseprofil (AGP): Empfehlungen zum Einsatz in der klinischen Praxis. Diabetes Stoffwechsel und Herz, 24(2).
19. Schlüter, S. (2015). Ambulantes Glukoseprofil versus Blutzuckertagebuch – Ergebnisse einer Befragung von niedergelassenen Diabetologen in Deutschland. Perfusion, 28: S. 123–133.
20. Mullen, D.M et. al. (2018). Time savings Using a Standardized Glucose Reporting System and ambulatory Glucose Profil, Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, Vol 12(3) 614-621
21. Ziegler, R. et al. (2018). Therapieanpassung mit Hilfe von Trendpfeilen bei kontinuierlichen Glukosemonitoring (CGM)-Systemen. Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel (accepted)
22. Klonoff, D.C., Kerr, A (2017). Simplified Approach Using Rate of Change Arrows to Adjust Insulin With Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring. J Diabetes Sci Technol, DOI :10:1177/19322968177232602017
23. Aleppo, G. et al. (2017). A Practical Approach to Using Trend Arrows on the Dexcom G5 CGM System for the Management of Adults With Diabetes. Journal of the Endocrine Society, 1(12), 1445–1460.
24. Pettus, J., Edelman,S. V. (2017). Recommendations for Using Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring (rtCGM) Data for Insulin Adjustments in Type 1 Diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 11(1): 138-147.
25. Wijsman, I. (2009). Patient-reported barriers in diabetes management and areas of opportunity for health care professionals. FEND 14th Annual Conference Vienna http://www.fend.org/sites/fend.org/files/prog-book-2009.pdf

Prof. Dr. Thomas Danne
AUF DER BULT
Kinder- und Jugendkrankenhaus
Janusz-Korczak-Allee 12
30173 Hannover
E-Mail: danne@hka.de

1. Das Potenzial einer Methode wird festgestellt, wenn Studiendaten vorliegen, auf deren Grundlage eine Studie geplant werden kann, die eine Bewertung des Nutzens der Methode auf einem ausreichend sicheren Erkenntnisniveau erlaubt (2. Kapitel § 14 Abs. 4 VerfO
2. Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen (IQWiG). Allgemeine Methoden: Version 5.0. Köln 2017, S. 42-3.
3. Schwalm A, Perleth M, Matthias K. Der Umgang des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses mit „schwacher“ oder fehlender Evidenz. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes. 2010;104(4):323-9.
4. BeckOK SozR, 6. Ed. 13.6.2007, SGB V.
5. Deutscher Ethikrat, Big Data und Gesundheit – Datensouveränität als informationelle Freiheitsgestaltung Stellungnahme 30. November 2017

1. Schmiedel, K., Friedland, K., Schlager, H. Evaluation of the activities of community pharmacies during the annual campaign with focus on diabetes prevention. Gesundheitswesen 2016, 78, 678-680.
2. http://https://www.abda.de/fileadmin/assets/Fortbildung/Zertifikatfortbildungen/Stichwortkatalog_Diabetes_2002.pdf (Zugriff am 04.05.2018).
3. www.deutsche-diabetes-gesellschaft.de/fileadmin/Redakteur/Ueber_uns/Geschaeftsbericht/2017/180423_DDG-GB17_online.pdf (Zugriff am 04.05.2018).
4. Felberg, M.; Reckers, K.; Schulz, M.; Scherneck, S. Der diabetologisch qualifizierte Apotheker DDG. Evaluation einer praxisorientierten Intensiv-Fortbildung. Medizinische Monatsschrift für Pharmazeuten 2017, 40 (11), 496-501.
5. Schmiedel, K., Mayr, A., Fießler, C., Schlager, H. et al. Effects of the lifestyle intervention program GLICEMIA in people at risk for type 2 diabetes: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2015, 38:937–9.
6. Müller, U., Hämmerlein, A., Casper, A., Schulz, M. Community pharmacy-based intervention to improve self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2006, 4, 195-203.
7. ABDA - Bundesvereinigung Deutscher Apothekerverbände. Informationsbogen Blutzucker. http://www.abda.de/fileadmin/assets/Qualitaetssicherung/Kooperationen/Kooperationen-Diabetes/Koop-Diabetes_Arbeitsmaterialien/Informationsbogen_Blutzucker.pdf (Zugriff am 04.05.2018).
8. Geschäftsbereich Arzneimittel der ABDA. AMTS, Medikationsanalyse, -plan, -management & Co.: Glossar. Stand: 27.06.2016. Pharm Ztg. 2016; 161 (28): 2117–2135. http://www.abda.de/fileadmin/assets/Medikationsmanagement/Glossar_AMTS_20160627.pdf (Zugriff am 04.05.2018).
9. www.arzneimittelinitiative.de (Zugriff am 04.05.2018).

1. Baringhorst, Sigrid „Politischer Protest im Netz – Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Mobilisierung transnationaler Öffentlichkeit im Zeichen digitaler Kommunikation“ in „Politik in der Mediendemokratie“ von Frank Marcinkowski und Barbara Pfetsch
2. Prof. Mario Voigt „Trendstudie Digital Campaigning in der Bundestagswahl 2017 - Implikationen für Politik und Public Affairs“

1. Bundesärztekammer (BÄK), Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV), Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF). Nationale Versorgungs-Leitlinie Therapie des Typ-2-Diabetes –Langfassung, 1. Auflage. Version 4. 2013, zuletzt geändert: November 2014. Available from: http://www.dm-therapie.versorgungsleitlinien.de
2. Bundesversicherungsamt. Anhang 2 a – Schulungsprogramme für Patientinnen und Patienten. Available from: http://www.bundesversicherungsamt.de/fileadmin/redaktion/DMP-Veranstaltungen/Leitfaden-Anhang_2a.pdf
3. Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Michie S, Nazareth I, Petticrew M. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: new guidance: UK Medical Research Council. 2008. Available from http://www.mrc.ac.uk/complexinterventionsguidance
4. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (2013): Sicherung Guter Wissenschaftlicher Praxis.
5. Fabisch, G., Hecht, L. (2018). Selbstmanagement bei Diabetes: Soziales Umfeld ist wichtig. In: Pflegezeitschrift 2018, Jg. 71, Heft 5, S. 50-52.
6. Haller, N., Kulzer, B. (2018): Diabetesschulung. In: Deutscher Gesundheitsbericht Diabetes 2018, S. 57-63.
7. Kovacs, B. K., Nicolucci, A., Holt, R. I., Willaing, I., Hermanns, N., Kalra, S., & Peyrot, M. (2013). Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs second study (DAWN2™): cross-national benchmarking indicators for family members living with people with diabetes. Diabetic medicine: a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 30 (7), 778-788.
8. Mühlhauser, I., Lenz, M., & Meyer, G. (2011). Entwicklung, Bewertung und Synthese von komplexen Interventionen–eine methodische Herausforderung. Zeitschrift für Evidenz, Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen, 105 (10), 751-761.
9. Norris SL, Engelgau MM, Narayan KM. Effectiveness of self-management training in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care 2001;24(3):561-87 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11289485 .
10. Pieber, T.R., Holler, A., Siebenhofer, A., Brunner, G.A., Semlitsch, B., Schattenberg, S., Zapotoczky, H., Rainer, W. and Krejs, G.J. (1995), Evaluation of a Structured Teaching and Treatment Programme for Type 2 Diabetes in General Practice in a Rural Area of Austria. Diabetic Medicine, 12: 349–354.
11. Vongmany, J., Luckett, T., Lam, L., Phillips, J. L. (2017): Familiy behaviours that have an impact on the self-management activities of adults living with Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-synthesis. Centre for Improving Palliative, Aged and Chronic Care through Clinical Research and Translation (IMPACCT), Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia, 1-33.

1. Robert-Koch-Institut: http://https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Gesundheitsmonitoring/Themen/Chronische_Erkrankungen/Diabetes/Hintergruende.html (Zugriff 29.09.2017)
2. Deutsche Diabetes-Gesellschaft: http://www.deutsche-diabetes-gesellschaft.de/ueber-uns/ausschuesse-und-kommissionen/kommission-versorgungsforschung-und-register.html (Zugriff 26.09.2017)

1. Bundesärztekammer (BÄK), Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV), Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF). Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie therapie des typ-2-diabetes – kurzfassung, 1. auflage. version 4. 2013, last modified: November 2014; Available from: www.dm-therapie.versorgungsleitlinien.de; [cited: 13.09.2017]; DOI: 10.6101/AZQ/000215
2. Rawshani A, Rawshani A, Franzen S, Sattar N, Eliasson B, Svensson AM, Zethelius B, Miftaraj M, McGuire DK, Rosengren A, Gudbjornsdottir S. Risk factors, mortality, and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2018 Aug 16;379(7):633-644
3. Bohn B, Kerner W, Seufert J, Kempe HP, Jehle PM, Best F, Fuchtenbusch M, Knauerhase A, Hofer M, Rosenbauer J, Holl RW, DPV-initiative. Trend of antihyperglycaemic therapy and glycaemic control in 184,864 adults with type 1 or 2 diabetes between 2002 and 2014: Analysis of real-life data from the DPV registry from germany and austria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract May 2016;115:31-38
4. Bramlage P, Lanzinger S, Rathmann W, Gillessen A, Scheper N, Schmid SM, Kaltheuner M, Seufert J, Danne T, Holl RW. Dyslipidaemia and its treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: A joint analysis of the german DIVE and DPV registries. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016 Sep 4
5. Hartmann B, Lanzinger S, Bramlage P, Gross F, Danne T, Wagner S, Krakow D, Zimmermann A, Malcharzik C, Holl RW. Lean diabetes in middle-aged adults: A joint analysis of the german DIVE and DPV registries. PLoS One 2017 Aug 21;12(8):e0183235
6. Bohn B, Rosenbauer J, Icks A, Vogel C, Beyer P, Rutschle H, Hermann U, Holterhus PM, Wagner V, von Sengbusch S, Fink K, Holl RW, DPV initiative. Regional disparities in diabetes care for pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. A cross-sectional DPV multicenter analysis of 24,928 german children and adolescents. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2016 Feb;124(2):111-119

1. Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Engelgau MM, et al. Type 2 diabetes among North Ameri-can children and adolescents: an epidemiologic review and a public health perspective. J Pediatr. 2000;136: 664-672.
2. Cockram CS. The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in the Asia-Pacific region. Hong Kong Med J. 2000;6:43-52.
3. Ethisham S, Hattersley AT, Dunger DB, Barrett TG, for the British Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinical Trials Group. First UK survey of paediatric type 2 di-abetes and MODY. Arch Dis Child. 2004;89:526-529.
4. Zachrisson I, Tibell C, Bang P, Ortquist E. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes among known cases of diabetes aged 0–18 years in Sweden. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003;16(S4):919-955.
5. Rami B, Schober E, Nachbauer E, Waldhör T, Austrian Diabetes Incidence Study Group. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is rare but not absent in children under 15 years of age in Austria. Eur J Pediatr. 2003a;62: 850-852.
6. Neu A, Feldhahn L, Ehehalt S, Hub R, Ranke MB. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents is still a rare disease in Germany: a population-based assessment of the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and MODY in patients aged 0-20 years. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009;10: 468-473.
7. Reinehr T. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. World J Diabetes 2013;4:270-281
8. Neu A, Feldhahn L, Ehehalt S, Ziegler J, Rothe U, Rosenbauer J, Holl RW. No change in type 2 diabetes prevalence in children and adolescents over 10 years: Update of a popu-lation-based survey in South Germany. Pediatr Diabetes. 2017: 1-3.

1. Fritsche A. et al. Ergebnisse und Implikationen der PLIS Studie, Vortrag auf DDG Kongress, 11.5.2018
2. Böhm, A. et al. TGFβ contributes to impaired exercise response by suppression of mitochondrial key regulators in skeletal muscle, Diabetes. 2016 Oct;65(10):2849-61.
3. Ahlqvist E. at al. Novel subgroups of adult-onset diabetes and their association with out-comes: a data-driven cluster analysis of six variables. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2018, 6(5):361-369
4. Stefan N. et al. Phenotypes of prediabetes and stratification of cardiometabolic risk. The Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology 2016, 4 (9): 789-798
5. Rozman, J. et al. Identification of genetic elements in metabolism by high-throughput mouse phenotyping. Nature Communications 2018, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01995-2
6. Liu et al. Quantifying critical states of complex diseases using single-sample dynamic network biomarkers, PlosComputational Biology 2017, 13(7):e1005633
7. von Toerne C et al. MASP1, THBS1, GPLD1 and ApoA-IV are novel biomarkers associated with prediabetes. Diabetologia 2016, 59(9):1882-92
8. Wang-Sattler R et al. Novel biomarkers for prediabetes identified by metabolomics, Mol SystBiol. 2012, 8: 615
9. Mühlenbruch K. et al. Vorhersage des Risikos für Typ-2-Diabetes in der deutschen Bevölkerung mit dem aktualisierten DRT (DIfE – DEUTSCHER DIABETES-RISIKO-TEST). Ernährungsumschau 2014, 61(6): 90–93
10. Corcoran CM et al., Prediction of psychosis across protocols and risk cohorts using automated language analysis. World Psychiatry 2018,17 (1):67-75
11. Esteva A. et al., Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks. Nature 2017, 542, 115 – 118
12. Eulenberg P. et al. Reconstructing cell cycle and disease progression using deep learning. Nat Commun. (2017) Sep 6;8(1):463
13. Paprott R. et al., Erste Ergebnisse der Studie „Krankheitswissen und Informationsbedarfe – Diabetes mellitus. Journal of Health Monitoring · 2018 3(S3) DOI 10.17886/RKI-GBE-2018-062, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin
14. Public Hearing Bundesministerin Wankd in Berlin- ZukunftsForum „Gesunheit neu denken“ 8. September 2015
15. http://https://www.deutsche-diabetes-gesellschaft.de . Zugegriffen am 1.7.2018

1. Kufeldt J, Kovarova M, Adolph M, Staiger H, Bamberg M, Häring HU, Fritsche A,Peter A. 2018. Prevalence and Distribution of Diabetes Mellitus in a Maximum Care Hospital: Urgent Need for HbA1c-Screening. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-112653.
2. Jacobs E, Hoyer A, Brinks R,4, Kuss O, Rathmann W. 2017. Burden of Mortality Attributable to Diagnosed Diabetes: A Nationwide Analysis Based on Claims Data From 65 Million People in Germany. Diabetes Care.DOI: 10.2337/dc17-0954. Epub 2017 Oct 9.
3. Rozman, J, Rathkolb B, Oestereicher MA, Schütt C, Ravindranath AC, Leuchtenberger S, Sharma S2, Kistler M, Willershäuser M, Brommage R, Meehan TF, Mason J, Haselimashhadi H; IMPC Consortium, Hough T, Mallon AM, Wells S, Santos L, Lelliott CJ, White JK, Sorg T, Champy MF, Bower LR, Reynolds CL, Flenniken AM Murray SA, Nutter LMJ, Svenson KL, West D, Tocchini-Valentini GP, Beaudet AL, Bosch F, Braun RB, Dobbie MS, Gao X, Herault Y, Moshiri A, Moore BA, Kent Lloyd KC, McKerlie C, Masuya H, Tanaka N, Flicek P, Parkinson HE, Sedlacek R, Seong JK, Wang CL, Moore M, Brown SD, Tschöp MH, Wurst W, Klingenspor M, Wolf E, Beckers J, Machicao F, Peter A, Staiger H, Häring HU, Grallert H, Campillos M, Maier H, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Werner T, Hrabe de Angelis M. 2018: Identification of genetic elements in metabolism by high-throughput mouse phenotyping. Nature Communications DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01995-2
4. Hörbelt T, Tacke C, Markova, Herzfeld de Wiza D, Van de Velde F, Bekaert M, Van Nieuwenhove Y6, Hornemann S, Rödiger M, Seebeck N, Friedl E, Jonas W, Thoresen GH, Kuss O, Rosenthal A, Lange V, Pfeiffer AFH, Schürmann A, Lapauw B, Rudovich N, Pivovarova O, Ouwens DM. 2018. Diabetologia. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4636-9.
5. Stefan N, Schick F, Häring HU.2017. Causes, Characteristics, and Consequences of Metabolically Unhealthy Normal Weight in Humans. Cell Metab.DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.07.008.
6. Apostolopoulou M, Gordillo R, Koliaki C, Gancheva S, Jelenik T, De Filippo E, Herder C, Markgraf D, Jankowiak F, Esposito I, Schlensak M, Scherer PE, Roden M. 2018. Specific Hepatic Sphingolipids Relate to Insulin Resistance, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Diabetes Care. DOI: 10.2337/dc17-1318. [Epub ahead of print]
7. Ludwig B, Ludwig S, Steffen A, Knauf Y, Zimerman B, Heinke S, Lehmann S, Schubert U, Schmid J, Bleyer M, Schönmann U, Colton CK, Bonifacio E, Solimena M, Reichel A, Schally AV,Rotem A, Barkai U, Grinberg-Rashi H, Kaup FJ, Avni Y, Jones P, Bornstein SR. 2017. Favorable outcome of experimental islet xenotransplantation without immunosuppression in a nonhuman primate model of diabetes. PNAS DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708420114
8. Ziegler AG, Danne T, Dunger DB, Berner R, Puff R, Kiess W, Agiostratidou G, Todd JA, Bonifacio E. 2016. Primary prevention of beta-cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes - The Global Platform for the Prevention of Autoimmune Diabetes (GPPAD) perspectives. Mol Metab. DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.02.003.
9. Fritsche A. et al. Ergebnisse und Implikationen der PLIS Studie, Vortrag auf DDG Kongress, 11.5.2018

1. Müller-Wieland D, Bitzer B. Was die Politik in den nächsten vier Jahren im Kampf gegen Diabetes tun sollte. Politische Forderungen der Deutschen Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG). http://https://www.deutsche-diabetes-gesellschaft.de/fileadmin/Redakteur/Stellungnahmen/Gesundheitspolitik/Politische_Forderungen_der_DDG.pdf (cited 01.09.2018)
2. Gallwitz B, Kellerer M, Siegel EG, Müller-Wieland D, Siegel EG. G-BA, IQWiG, IQTiG etc. – die Rolle der Diabetologie und der DDG. In: Gesundheitsbericht Diabetes 2018, Kirchheim Vlg., Mainz 2014, S. 190-203